{"id":177,"date":"2024-01-13T15:01:18","date_gmt":"2024-01-13T07:01:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.minegician.cn\/?p=177"},"modified":"2024-06-18T15:20:12","modified_gmt":"2024-06-18T07:20:12","slug":"%e7%8e%b0%e4%bb%a3c%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0-%e7%b1%bb%e5%92%8c%e9%9d%a2%e5%90%91%e5%af%b9%e8%b1%a1%e5%9f%ba%e7%a1%80%e8%a1%a5%e5%85%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/blog.minegician.cn\/?p=177","title":{"rendered":"\u73b0\u4ee3C++\u5b66\u4e60\u2014\u2014\u7c7b\u548c\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u57fa\u7840\u8865\u5145"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4>\u4e00\u6bb5\u9002\u5408\u521d\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u5f15\u5165<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u9762\u5411\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u6982\u5ff5<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u9762\u5411\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u6309\u7167\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u903b\u8f91\u6765\u7f16\u7801\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6700\u5178\u578b\u7684\u9762\u5411\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5c31\u662fc\u8bed\u8a00\u4e86\uff0cc\u8bed\u8a00\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u5e94\u6c47\u7f16\uff0c\u6c47\u7f16\u53c8\u5bf9\u5e94\u7535\u8def<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e25\u683c\u6309\u7167\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u4ece\u5185\u5b58\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u800c\u53d8\u91cf\u5b58\u653e\u5728\u6808\u6216\u5806\u533a\uff0c\u51fd\u6570\u5b58\u653e\u5728\u4ee3\u7801\u533a\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4f53\u73b0\u6570\u636e\u5c01\u88c5\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u5c01\u88c5\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5206\u5f00\u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u65e0\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7c7b\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u9762\u5411\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u672c\u8d28<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u5219\u662f\u6309\u7167\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u6765\u7f16\u7801\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0cC++\u5c31\u5b8c\u5168\u652f\u6301\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6309\u7167\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u6765\u5904\u7406\u95ee\u9898<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8981\u628a\u5927\u8c61\u88c5\u51b0\u7bb1\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u601d\u8def\u81ea\u7136\u662f\u5206\u4e09\u6b65\uff0c\u6253\u5f00\u51b0\u7bb1\uff0c\u5c06\u5927\u8c61\u88c5\u8fdb\u53bb\uff0c\u5173\u4e0a\u51b0\u7bb1<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e09\u6b65\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u8981\u9996\u5148\u6709\u4eba\uff0c\u51b0\u7bb1\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4eba\u6709\u7ed9\u51b0\u7bb1\u53d1\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u51b0\u7bb1\u6709\u80fd\u591f\u63a5\u53d7\u6307\u4ee4\u5e76\u6253\u5f00\u6216\u5173\u95ed\u95e8\u7684\u80fd\u529b<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u4ece\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8bb2\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u53ea\u80fd\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u505a\u4eba\u548c\u51b0\u7bb1\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u3002\u4eba\u6709\u624b\u8fd9\u4e2a\u90e8\u4f4d\uff0c\u51b0\u7bb1\u6709\u95e8\u8fd9\u4e2a\u90e8\u4f4d\u3002\u7136\u540e\u4ece\u5929\u800c\u964d\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u8ba9\u624b\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u51b0\u7bb1\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u8ba9\u5927\u8c61\u8fdb\u53bb\uff0c\u518d\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u8ba9\u51b0\u7bb1\u95e8\u5173\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u9762\u5411\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b65\u90fd\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u800c\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u628a\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e0b\u653e\u5230\u4e86\u6570\u636e\u4e0a<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u7ef4\u62a4\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f60\u66f4\u613f\u610f\u5f00\u53d1\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u77e5\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u4e0a(shi)\u5e1d(shan)\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5f00\u53d1\u4e00\u7fa4\u72ec\u7acb\u4e2a\u4f53\u5462<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u4ece\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8bb2\uff0c\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u663e\u7136\u66f4\u5229\u4e8e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u7528\u9762\u5411\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e00\u65e6\u5927\u4e86\uff0c\u8981\u4ece\u5929\u800c\u964d\u5f15\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u60f3\u60f3\u90fd\u5934\u5927\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7eafc\u5199\u7684\u5927\u578b\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6a21\u62df\u4e86\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u7528\u9762\u5411\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684c\u8bed\u8a00\u6a21\u62df\u51fa\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5462\uff1f\u7c7b\u5c31\u8bde\u751f\u4e86\uff0c\u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e13\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7c7b\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8ba9\u7c7b\u6709\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002\u56de\u5230\u90a3\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u7c7b\u6709\u4e86\u8ba9\u51b0\u7bb1\u5f00\u95e8\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u51b0\u7bb1\u6709\u4e86\u8ba9\u4eba\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u5929\u964d\u795e\u79d8\u529b\u91cf\u4e86<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570<\/h4>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u53d8\u6210\u7c7b\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u6bd5\u7adf\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4e5f\u5f97\u4ece\u673a\u5668\u672c\u8eab\u51fa\u53d1<\/p>\n<p>\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u672c\u8eab\u53ea\u662f\u5212\u5b9a\u4e00\u5757\u8fde\u7eed\u5185\u5b58\u7ed9\u82e5\u5e72\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u5757\u5185\u5b58\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u800c\u975e\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u4e00\u5757\u5185\u5b58\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h5>\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570<\/h5>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5bf9\u8c61\u751f\u6210\u65f6\u5c31\u4f1a\u8c03\u7528\u6765\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff0c\u53ef\u8bbe\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570<\/p>\n<p>\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u7c7b\u4e5f\u81f3\u5c11\u6709 <code>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570<\/code> \u548c <code>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u590d\u5236\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570<\/code>\uff08\u8fd8\u6709 <code>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/code>\uff09<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u65e0\u53c2\uff0c\u5f53\u65e0\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u6267\u884c\u5185\u5b58\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff09<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">Test() {}    \/\/ \u6309\u7406\u8bf4\u5c31\u957f\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u5199\u51fa\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b97\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e86\uff0c\u5f52\u4e3a\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u666e\u901a\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570 (\u6587\u5b57\u6e38\u620f)<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u666e\u901a\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u4eba\u4e3a\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u4e14\u4e0d\u4e3a\u7279\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\uff09<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">Test(int i1_, int i2_): i1(i1_), i2(i2_) {}      \/\/ \u521d\u503c\u5217\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5b66\u8fc7<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u590d\u5236\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u53c2\u6570\u4e3a\u540c\u7c7b\u5f15\u7528\u5e38\u91cf\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6267\u884c\u53d8\u91cf\u6d45\u62f7\u8d1d\u903b\u8f91\uff09<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">Test(const Test& test): i1(test.i1), i2(test.i2) {}<\/code><\/pre>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u53c2\u6570\u6ca1\u6709\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u52a0\u4e0a <code>const<\/code><\/li>\n<li>\u590d\u5236\u6784\u9020\u5fc5\u987b\u4f20\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4ecd\u7136\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u590d\u5236\u6765\u4f20\u503c\uff0c\u53c8\u8981\u8c03\u7528\u590d\u5236\u6784\u9020\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6b7b\u5faa\u73af<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u79fb\u52a8\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u540e\u9762\u4f1a\u8be6\u89e3\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u8bf4\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u4e0d\u662f\u590d\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u526a\u5207\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u8f6c\u4ea4\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u9ad8\u6548\uff09<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5>\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570<\/h5>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5bf9\u8c61\u9500\u6bc1\u65f6\u5c31\u4f1a\u8c03\u7528\uff0c\u65e0\u53c2\u65e0\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u4e0d\u53ef const\uff0c\u6545\u4e0d\u53ef\u91cd\u8f7d\uff08\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u591a\u6001\uff09<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>\u5f53\u9700\u8981\u624b\u52a8\u5584\u540e\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5b9a\u4e49\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u6790\u6784\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u5565\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e72<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u91ca\u653e\u6307\u9488\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u548c IO \u6d41\u7b49\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5145\u5206\u5229\u7528\u597d\u6790\u6784\u7684\u673a\u5236<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">\/\/ \u4f8b: \u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u624b\u52a8\u6790\u6784\nclass Test{\npublic:\n  int* pi;\n  Test(int i) : pi(new int(i)) {}\n  Test(const Test& test): pi(new int(*test.pi)) {}\n  ~Test(){\n      delete pi;\n  }\n};<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>this \u5173\u952e\u5b57\uff0c\u5e38\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61<\/h4>\n<blockquote>\n<p>this \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5b57\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7279\u5730\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u770b\u5b8c\u5c31\u61c2\u4e86<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h5>this \u5173\u952e\u5b57<\/h5>\n<blockquote>\n<p>this \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u5e76\u4e0d\u964c\u751f\uff0c\u5728\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u6307\u5411\u5f53\u524d\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6307\u9488<\/p>\n<p>\u7c7b\u51fd\u6570\u8bbf\u95ee\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u9690\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86 <code>this -&gt; \u5c5e\u6027<\/code>\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7701\u7565<\/p>\n<p>\u5c11\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u6bd4\u5982\u53d8\u91cf\u540c\u540d\u65f6\u5c31\u4e0d\u884c\uff0cthis \u53ef\u4ee5\u544a\u8bc9\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u662f\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u5982\u679c this \u771f\u662f\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u90a3\u4e0d\u5c31\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u7528 C \u8bed\u8a00\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u548c\u51fd\u6570\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684\u5965\u79d8\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8fd9\u4e48\u60f3\uff0c\u90a3\u8fd8\u4e3a\u65f6\u5c1a\u65e9<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u5199\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc\u6709\u611f\u800c\u53d1\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u8bfb\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u7565\u8fc7\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8bf4\u5230 this \u5c31\u6709 this \u5e95\u5c42\u662f\u6307\u9488\u5565\u7684\u4ee5\u53ca\u884d\u751f\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60 C++ \u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a C++ \u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5e72\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u6d3b\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u548c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u5c31\u8bf7\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u5df2\u642d\u5efa\u597d\u7684\u4e0a\u5c42\u7279\u6027<\/p>\n<p>\u522b\u628a\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5949\u4e3a\u5723\u7ecf\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u628a\u5e95\u5c42\u548c C++ \u7279\u6027\u76f4\u63a5\u6302\u94a9\uff0c\u8bf7\u95ee\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4f60\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5c31\u50cf\u7528\u7269\u7406\u89e3\u91ca\u5316\u5b66\uff08\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u6070\u5f53\uff09\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8d70\u8fdb\u5931\u53bb C++ \u672c\u8eab\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6b7b\u80e1\u540c\u3002\u4ee5\u6b64\u7c7b\u63a8\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u8bed\u8a00\u90fd\u4f1a\u5931\u53bb\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6700\u540e\u90fd\u662f C \u8bed\u8a00<\/p>\n<p>\u5b66\u4e60 C++ \u4e43\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u53eb\u505a\u900f\u660e\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u9632\u6b62\u5e95\u5c42\u548c\u4e0a\u5c42\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u601d\u8def\u7528\u4e32\u4e86\u3001\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u7b49\u6548\u66ff\u4ee3\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\u624d\u80fd\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u6b63\u5728\u505a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u4e0d\u8981\u770b\u5e95\u5c42\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u8bed\u8a00\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5148\u5c04\u7bad\u540e\u753b\u9776\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u3002\u62ff\u4e2a\u5e95\u5c42\u5b9e\u73b0\u8bf4\u81ea\u5df1\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e86\u3001\u770b\u900f\u4e86 C++ \u662f\u4e0d\u660e\u667a\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\u662f\u9519\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e1c\u897f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u8fd8\u8bb0\u5f97\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u8bf4\u7684\u5417\uff1f<code>this<\/code> \u662f\u5173\u952e\u5b57<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u65e2\u7136\u662f\u5173\u952e\u5b57\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u6307\u9488\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\u662f\u6307\u9488\u7279\u6027\u7684\u8d85\u96c6<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4ee3\u7801\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u95f4\uff0c<code>this<\/code> \u7684\u6307\u9488\u804c\u80fd\u591a\u534a\u8fd8\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\u5b9e\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u662f c++ \u4e86\uff0c\u4e0e c++ \u8bed\u6cd5\u53c8\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\u5462<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h5>\u5e38\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570<\/h5>\n<blockquote>\n<p>C++ \u7c7b\u6210\u5458\u5c5e\u6027\u4e5f\u662f\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\uff0c\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7 this \u6216\u6307\u9488\u64cd\u4f5c\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u662f\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u7684<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u5b9a\u4e49 <code>const Test* const<\/code> \u4fdd\u8bc1\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u62ff\u51fa <code>this<\/code> \u9601\u4e0b\u53c8\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u5e94\u5bf9\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8e\u662f\u4fbf\u6709\u4e86\u5e38\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570 <code>Test::func() const {}<\/code>\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u4e25\u8c28\uff0c\u4f46\u4e2d\u95f4\u7684 const \u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5bf9 <code>this<\/code> \u7684\u9650\u5236<\/p>\n<p>\u5f88\u559c\u6b22 C++ \u7684\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5b66\u4e86\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u8bed\u6cd5\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u8bed\u6cd5\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\u6253\u7684\u8865\u4e01\uff08\u7b11\uff0c\u65e0\u6076\u610f\uff09<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u9664\u4e86\u9650\u5236 <code>this<\/code> \u5916\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u6253\u7834\u5e38\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\uff0c\u5e38\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u4e0d\u80fd\u8c03\u7528\u975e\u5e38\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f IDE \u8fd8\u662f\u524d\u8f88\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u5efa\u8bae\u4f60\uff1a\u4e0d\u4fee\u6539\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u4e00\u5f8b\u8bbe\u4e3a\u5e38\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u5c5e\u6027\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u65e0\u6240\u8c13\uff0c\u6ce2\u6d6a\u7ebf\u4f1a\u51fa\u624b\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u4ece\u5e38\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u6784\u9020\u548c\u6790\u6784\u4fee\u6539\u4e86\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u6ca1\u6709 <code>this<\/code>\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bbe\u4e3a\u5e38\u51fd\u6570<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>PS\uff1a\u540c\u540d\u540c\u53c2\u6570\u5355\u7eaf\u53ea\u52a0\u4e2a <code>const<\/code> \u4e5f\u7b97<strong>\u91cd\u8f7d<\/strong>\uff0c\u4e14\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f1a\u4f18\u5148\u8c03\u7528\u666e\u901a\u91cd\u8f7d\uff0c\u5e38\u91cf\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f18\u5148\u8c03\u7528\u5e38\u91cd\u8f7d<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5173\u4e8e\u91cd\u8f7d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6bd4\u8f83\u786e\u5207\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\uff1a\u4fdd\u6301\u540d\u5b57\u4e00\u81f4\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5916\u754c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u6761\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u91cd\u8f7d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6709\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u6307\u9488 \u2194 \u6307\u9488\u5e38\u91cf<\/li>\n<li>\u51fd\u6570 \u2194 \u5e38\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u5165 1\uff09<\/li>\n<li>\u53c2\u6570\u4e0d\u540c\uff08\u5728\u53c2\u6570\u53d8\u91cf\u524d\u52a0 const \u5176\u5b9e\u548c\u6362\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u540d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6ca1\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5411\u5916\u754c\u53cd\u9988\u4e0d\u540c\u7ed3\u679c\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61<\/h5>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6574\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u4fee\u6539\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u5e38\u53d8\u91cf\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u521b\u5efa\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u5565\u53ef\u4ee5\u591a\u8bf4\u7684<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u80fd\u8c03\u7528\u975e\u5e38\u51fd\u6570<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u5c11\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u8981\u8003\u8651\u7684\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u4f1a\u88ab\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u663e\u8457\u4f18\u5316\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u591a\u7528\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61<\/p>\n<p>\u56de\u987e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5f88\u591a\u5bf9\u8c61\u90fd\u662f\u5f53\u6210\u6253\u5305\u7684\u5e38\u91cf+\u914d\u5957\u51fd\u6570\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u662f\u5f3a\u70c8\u5efa\u8bae\u517b\u6210\u7684\u597d\u4e60\u60ef<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u51e0\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u5b57<\/h4>\n<h6>inline \u5185\u8054<\/h6>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728\u65e9\u671f C++ \u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u51fd\u6570\u9700\u8981\u65b0\u5f00\u6808\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f00\u9500\uff0c\u800c <code>inline<\/code> \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u5c06\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u90e8\u903b\u8f91\u76f4\u63a5\u653e\u5230\u5916\u90e8\uff08\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u8bdd\uff09\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u4e00\u5c42\u6808<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5982\u4eca\uff0cinline \u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fc7\u5927\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\u53ef\u80fd\u5927\u4e8e\u51cf\u5c11\u6808\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u662f\u53ef\u9009\u9879\uff08\u73b0\u4ee3\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u52a0\u4e86 <code>inline<\/code> \u4e5f\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u5426\u5408\u9002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4ee3\u7801\u5c55\u793a\u4e86 <code>inline<\/code> \u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u7279\u6027<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">class Test{\npublic:\n    void fun(){\n        cout &lt;&lt; &quot;fun()&quot; &lt;&lt; endl;\n    };  \/\/ \u76f4\u63a5\u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d\u58f0\u660e\u4e14\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u81ea\u52a8\u89c6\u4e3ainline (\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u5f88\u77ed\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u5185\u8054)\n    void gun(); \/\/ \u58f0\u660e\u5904\u4e0d\u5fc5\u52a0inline\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\n}\ninline Test::gun(){ \/\/ \u5b9a\u4e49\u5904\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0inline\n    cout &lt;&lt; &quot;gun()&quot; &lt;&lt; endl;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<h6>mutable \u53ef\u53d8<\/h6>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>mutable<\/code> \u4fee\u9970\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e0\u89c6\u51fd\u6570\u7684 <code>const<\/code> \u9650\u5236\u88ab\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u5982\u5e38\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46 <code>mutable<\/code> \u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u662f\u8ba9\u975e\u5e38\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u89c6\u4e3a <code>const<\/code> \u65f6\u4e0d\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u610f\u4e49\u4e0d\u660e\uff0c\u5176\u552f\u4e00\u6307\u5b9a\u7528\u9014\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7edf\u8ba1\u5e38\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u6b21\u6570\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u90fd\u662f\u91ce\u86ee\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u80cc\u523a\u524d\u9762\u5199\u7684\u5185\u5bb9<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a<code>mutable<\/code> \u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fee\u9970\u5e38\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h6>default \u9ed8\u8ba4<\/h6>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>default<\/code> \u7528\u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e3a\u67d0\u4e9b\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u5b9a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u51fd\u6570\u4f53\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6784\u9020\uff0c\u590d\u5236\u6784\u9020\uff0c<code>operator=<\/code> \u548c\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\uff09<\/p>\n<p><em>\u7528\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u65e0\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519<\/em><\/p>\n<p><code>default<\/code> \u7684\u610f\u4e49\u662f\uff1a\u65e2\u80fd\u663e\u5f0f\u5b9a\u4e49\u9ed8\u8ba4\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53c8\u5341\u5206\u7b80\u6d01\uff0c\u4ece\u4e24\u91cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u4ee3\u7801\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">class Test{\npublic:\n    Test() = default;\n    Test(Test&amp; test_) = default;\n    Test&amp; operator=(Test&amp; test_) = default;\n    ~Test() = default;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<h6>delete \u53d6\u6d88<\/h6>\n<blockquote>\n<p><code>delete<\/code> \u7528\u4e8e\u53d6\u6d88\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e0d\u88ab\u7f16\u8bd1\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570<\/p>\n<p><code>delete<\/code> \u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u6d88\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5982\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u8001\u56db\u6837\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d6\u6d88\u6570\u503c\u578b\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u9690\u5f0f\u91cd\u8f7d<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u53d6\u6d88\u590d\u5236\u6784\u9020\u5b9e\u73b0\u5355\u4f8b\u6a21\u5f0f<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u8981 <code>delete<\/code>\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4f1a\u963b\u6b62\u8fd9\u6837\u505a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">class Test{\npublic:\n    Test(Test&amp; test_) = delete;     \/\/ \u7981\u6b62\u590d\u5236\u6784\u9020\n    void fun(int i){}\n    void fun(double i) = delete;    \/\/ \u53ef\u4ee5\u963b\u6b62\u53c2\u6570\u4ecedouble\u5230int\u7684\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u4f46\u7528\u5904\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u5927\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>\u53cb\u5143<\/h4>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d\u58f0\u660e \u53cb\u5143\u7c7b \/ \u53cb\u5143\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u88ab\u58f0\u660e\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u8be5\u7c7b\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u6210\u5458<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u641e\u4e0d\u6e05\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u58f0\u660e\u53cb\u597d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5bf9\u4ed6\u5f00\u653e\u6211\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u6210\u5458<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bbf\u95ee\u79c1\u6709\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u53cb\u5143\u8fd8\u4f1a\u7834\u574f\u5c01\u88c5\u6027\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 <code>getter<\/code> \u548c <code>setter<\/code> \u5c01\u88c5\u5b9e\u73b0<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5 <code>friend<\/code> \u9664\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u573a\u5408\uff08\u6d41\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 <code>&lt;&lt;<\/code> <code>&gt;&gt;<\/code> \u91cd\u8f7d\uff09\u90fd\u6ca1\u7528<\/p>\n<p>\u53cb\u5143\u6ca1\u6709\u516c\u6709\u79c1\u6709\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u58f0\u660e\u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5c55\u793a\u5982\u4e0b \u2193<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">class Test{\n    friend class Tool;  \/\/ \u53cb\u5143\u7c7b(class\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9690\u5f0f)\n    friend void fun(int);   \/\/ \u53cb\u5143\u51fd\u6570(\u5916\u90e8\u51fd\u6570)\n    friend void Tool::fun1();\n    friend Tool&amp; Tool::operator=(const Tool&amp;);  \/\/ \u8fd9\u4e24\u884c\u8868\u660e(\u5e94\u8be5)\u4ec0\u4e48\u51fd\u6570\u90fd\u80fd\u58f0\u660e\u6210\u53cb\u5143\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u51b7\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1a<\/strong>\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c6\u4f5c\u53cb\u5143\uff08\u4fbf\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\uff09\uff0c\u603b\u4e4b\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u4fbf\u8bbf\u95ee\u540c\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u6210\u5458<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4>\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u91cd\u8f7d<\/h4>\n<blockquote>\n<p>C++ \u4e3a\u7c7b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86 \u201c\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u884c\u4e3a\u201d \u8fd9\u4e00\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u7edf\u4e00\u4ee5 <code>operator\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/code> \u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u540d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0<\/p>\n<p>\u91cd\u8f7d\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u5728\u540e\u671f\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7c7b\u7684\u6807\u914d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>\u4e0d\u80fd\u91cd\u8f7d C++ \u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982 python\u7684 **<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u5143\u6570\u3002\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7528\u6cd5\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>\u6bd4\u5982\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u548c\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u8fde\u7eed\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff08\u5f88\u591a\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u90fd\u6709\uff09<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u6bd4\u5982\u6570\u503c\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u8fd4\u56de\u4e34\u65f6\u5bf9\u8c61\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5f15\u7528\uff08\u5e76\u975e\u6027\u80fd\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u662f\u5b89\u5168\u539f\u56e0\uff09<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u4e09\u5143\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 <code>?: <\/code> \u65e0\u6cd5\u91cd\u8f7d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u5143\u548c\u4e8c\u5143<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>=<\/code> \u6709\u9ed8\u8ba4\u91cd\u8f7d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u91cd\u8f7d\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5916\u90e8\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u9996\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u6307\u5b9a\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u6765\u53d6\u4ee3\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u9690\u5f0f <code>this<\/code> \uff0c\u5728\u5916\u90e8\u91cd\u8f7d\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u4e00\u822c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5176\u58f0\u660e\u4e3a\u53cb\u5143\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u9664\u4e86\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f53\u4f5c\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5 <code>.operator\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26(\u53c2\u6570)<\/code> \u6765\u4f7f\u7528\uff08\u6211\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf4\u4e00\u822c\u5f88\u5c11\u8fd9\u6837\u5e72\uff09<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<blockquote>\n<h6>\u4e00\u5143\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h6>\n<p><code>++<\/code> <code>--<\/code> <code>[] <\/code> <code>()<\/code> <code>&lt;&lt;<\/code> <code>&gt;&gt;<\/code><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d <code>&lt;&lt;<\/code> <code>&gt;&gt;<\/code> \u7279\u6b8a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6d41\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u4e3b\u4f53\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6d41\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u4e3b\u4f53\u90fd\u662f <code>this<\/code><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u91cd\u8f7d\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u5f53\u524d\u7c7b\u7684\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u53c8\u4e0d\u597d\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u6539\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u7684\u6d41\u7c7b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c31\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f53\u524d\u7c7b\u7684\u53cb\u5143\u5728\u5916\u90e8\u91cd\u8f7d\u4e86\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709 <code>this<\/code>\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u4e3a\u6d41\u5f15\u7528<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h6>\u4e8c\u5143\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h6>\n<p><code>+<\/code> <code>-<\/code> <code>*<\/code> <code>\/<\/code> <code>=<\/code> <code>&gt;<\/code> <code>&lt;<\/code> <code>==<\/code><\/p>\n<h6>\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h6>\n<p><code>operator \u7c7b\u578b<\/code><\/p>\n<h6>\u7279\u6b8a\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h6>\n<p><code>new<\/code> <code>delete<\/code> <code>new[]<\/code> <code>delete[]<\/code><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">class Test{\n    \/\/ \u6d41\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u5e38\u91cf\n    friend std::ostream&amp; operator&lt;&lt; (std::ostream&amp; os, const Test&amp; test);\n    friend std::istream&amp; operator&gt;&gt; (std::istream&amp; is, Test&amp; test);\npublic:\n    std::string name;\n    void operator++(){}\n    void operator()(const std::string&amp; str) const {\n        std::cout &lt;&lt; str &lt;&lt; std::endl;\n    }   \/\/ \u53c2\u6570\u4f5c\u4eff\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\n    int operator[](unsigned i){}\n\n    Test&amp; operator= (Test&amp; test){\n        if(this == &amp;test){\n            return *this;   \/\/ \u6839\u636e\u5730\u5740\u5224\u65ad\u81ea\u8d4b\u503c\n        }\n        name = test.name;\n        return *this;\n    }\n}\n\nstd::ostream&amp; operator&lt;&lt; (std::ostream&amp; os, const Test&amp; test){\n    os &lt;&lt; test.name &lt;&lt; std::endl;\n    return os;\n}   \/\/ \u5b9a\u4e49\u8be5\u7c7b\u7684\u8f93\u51fa\u89c4\u5219<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>\u666e\u901a\u7ee7\u627f<\/h4>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u7ee7\u627f\uff0c\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e09\u5927\u7279\u6027\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u62bd\u8c61\u5171\u6027\u4fbf\u4e8e\u7f16\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7c7b\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e8e\u8fb9\u6269\u5c55\u8fb9\u7ef4\u62a4<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6709\u8fc7\u7b80\u6613\u6e38\u620f\u5f15\u64ce\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6b64\u6df1\u6709\u4f53\u4f1a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u5173\u4e8e\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u79cd\u7c7b\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u8bf4\u5c31\u662f\u9650\u5b9a\u4e86\u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u6210\u5458\u65f6\u7684\u6743\u9650\u4e0a\u9650\uff0c\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6b64\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7684\u90fd\u4f1a\u964d\u6743\u9650<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u8865\u5145\u4e00\u53e5\uff1a<code>protected<\/code> \u540c\u6837\u4e0d\u53ef\u88ab\u5916\u754c\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u4f46\u6743\u9650\u7565\u9ad8\u4e00\u7ea7\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f\u7684 <code>private<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><code>public<\/code> \u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\u4efb\u4f55\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u822c\uff0899%\uff09\u60c5\u51b5\u4f7f\u7528\u7684<\/p>\n<p><code>protected<\/code> <code>private<\/code> \u5728\u4e1a\u52a1\u4ee3\u7801\u91cc\u56e0\u4e3a\u52a0\u4e86\u591a\u4f59\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u662f\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u4e2d\u5229\u7528\u8bbf\u95ee\u6743\u9650\u7684\u7279\u6027\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u677f\u7c7b\u548c\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7387\u5c31\u663e\u8457\u4e0a\u5347<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">class Spear{\npublic:\n    std::string name;\n}\nclass FireSpear: public Spear{\npublic:\n    void attack();\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>\u51b7\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1a\u7ee7\u627f\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5757\u5934\u90e8\u662f\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u7d27\u63a5\u7740\u662f\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7279\u6027\uff1a\n<ol>\n<li>\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u6784\u9020\uff0c\u4f1a\u5148\u8fdb\u884c\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u6784\u9020\uff0c\u518d\u6784\u9020\u81ea\u8eab\n<ul>\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u5b50\u7c7b\u6784\u9020\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u6784\u9020\uff0c\u5219\u4f7f\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6784\u9020\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u5982\u679c\u7236\u7c7b\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6784\u9020\u88ab\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\uff0c\u4f1a\u65e0\u6cd5\u521b\u5efa\u5b50\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61<\/li>\n<li>\u5b50\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u6784\u9020\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6784\u9020\u8981\u624b\u52a8\u8865\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u6790\u6784\uff0c\u4f1a\u5148\u6790\u6784\u81ea\u8eab\uff0c\u518d\u8c03\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u6790\u6784<\/li>\n<li>\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5411\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e14\u56e0\u4e3a\u6307\u9488\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u7236\u7c7b\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u63a7\u5236\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u90a3\u90e8\u5206<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4>\u591a\u6001\uff0c\u865a\u51fd\u6570\uff0coverride \u5173\u952e\u5b57<\/h4>\n<h5>\u591a\u6001<\/h5>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u7ee7\u627f\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u4e0e\u5b50\u7c7b\u5bf9\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528\u7236\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\u6307\u5411\u5b50\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u5b50\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199\u7684\u51fd\u6570<\/p>\n<p>C++ \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0e <code>override<\/code>\uff08\u91cd\u5199\uff09\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u4ece\u7236\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0d\u540c\u5b50\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u8c03\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u903b\u8f91<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">\/\/ \u793a\u4f8b: Spear\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u5199attack()\u65b9\u6cd5, \u8c03\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u540e\u91ca\u653e\u5185\u5b58(\u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488)\nvoid attack(Spear* p_spear){\n    p_spear -&gt; attack();\n    delete p_spear;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<h5>\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/h5>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a<code>virtual \u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\uff0c\u7236\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u4f1a\u627e\u5230\u7236\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5176\u662f\u5426\u4e3a <code>virtual<\/code> \u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u6307\u5b9a\u51fd\u6570\u4f53<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>\u5b50\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4f53\u7531\u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b\u51b3\u5b9a\uff08\u7236\u7c7b\u51fd\u6570\uff09<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u5b50\u7c7b\u91cd\u5199\u865a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u4f53\u7531\u6307\u9488\u5b9e\u9645\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u51b3\u5b9a\uff08\u5b50\u7c7b\u51fd\u6570\uff09<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>\u91cd\u5199\u52a1\u5fc5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u51fd\u6570\u540d\uff0c\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c<code>const<\/code> \u7b49\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3a\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u68c0\u67e5\u5728\u7236\u7c7b\uff0c\u5b50\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u7701\u7565 <code>virtual<\/code><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/strong>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8981\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5b50\u7c7b\u9500\u6bc1\u65f6\u4e00\u5b9a\u8c03\u7528\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u6790\u6784\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7236\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u6cc4\u9732\u4e86\u5b50\u7c7b\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5185\u5b58\uff08\u800c\u4e14\u6392\u67e5\u8d77\u6765\u4e5f\u9ebb\u70e6\uff0c\u8840\u6cea\u6559\u8bad\uff09<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u7684\u6790\u6784\u548c <code>virtual<\/code> \u7ecf\u5e38\u662f\u6210\u5bf9\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u6bd5\u7adf\u81ea\u5df1\u5199\u6790\u6784\u7ecf\u5e38\u610f\u5473\u7740\u624b\u52a8\u7ba1\u7406\u5185\u5b58<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u539f\u7406<\/h5>\n<h6>\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a &amp; \u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a<\/h6>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u8981\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u8df3\u8f6c\u5730\u5740<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\uff1a<\/strong>\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u6001\u7684\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u59cb\u7ec8\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5728\u56fa\u5b9a\u5730\u5740<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\uff1a<\/strong>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u91cd\u5199\u865a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u5740\uff1fC++ \u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u7684\u529f\u80fd<\/p>\n<p>\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\uff0c\u4f7f\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u5bf9\u8c61<strong>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868<\/strong>\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0a\uff0c\u7531\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u51fd\u6570\u5730\u5740<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h6>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868<\/h6>\n<p>\u6d89\u53ca\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7684\u7c7b\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7c7b\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868\uff0c\u5b58\u653e\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\u6570\u7ec4<\/p>\n<p>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868\u4e8e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u751f\u6210\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u6570\u636e\u533a<\/p>\n<p>\u8be5\u7c7b\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5176\u5185\u5b58\u5757\u5934\u90e8\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6307\u5411\u8be5\u7c7b\u7684\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7236\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5176\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868\u4e3a\u5b50\u7c7b\u7684\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u5730\u5740\u4e3a\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u51fd\u6570\u5730\u5740<\/p>\n<h5>override<\/h5>\n<blockquote>\n<p>C++11 \u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6ce8\u89e3\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5b57\uff0c\u2460\u8f85\u52a9\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u68c0\u67e5\u51fd\u6570\u91cd\u5199\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u2461\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ee3\u7801\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">virtual void attack() const override {}<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u9759\u6001\u51fd\u6570<\/h4>\n<h5>\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf<\/h5>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u4e0e\u9759\u6001\u5916\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u540c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u533a\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u987b\u4f53\u73b0\u5c01\u88c5\u6027<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u95f4\u5c31\u8981\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff0c\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u7c7b\u5916\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7c7b\u540d\u8fdb\u884c<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u6709\u8d85\u957f\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6743\u9650\u591f\u90fd\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4fbf\u6709 <code>\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8be5\u7c7b<\/code> \u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5<\/p>\n<p>\u6216\u8005\u8bf4 <code>\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8be5\u7c7b\u548c\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u516c\u6709<\/code>\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u975e\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u4e5f\u90fd\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee\uff08\u53ea\u8981\u6743\u9650\u591f\uff09<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h5>\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570<\/h5>\n<p>\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u8bde\u751f\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u4e3a\u7c7b\u548c\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u516c\u6709\u7684\u53d8\u91cf<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u9759\u6001\u51fd\u6570\u8bde\u751f\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u4e3a\u7c7b\u548c\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u516c\u6709\u7684\u5c01\u88c5\u6027\uff08\u719f\u6089\u4e00\u4e0b\u7279\u6b8a\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u53cd\u6b63\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u603b\u7528\u5230\uff09<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u7531\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5bf9\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4ec5\u6709\u4f7f\u7528\u6743\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u6240\u6709\u6743\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4 <code>\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u4e5f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8be5\u7c7b<\/code><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>\u800c\u4e14\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u65e0\u6cd5\u5177\u6709 <code>this<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u5176\u65e0\u6cd5\u9690\u5f0f\u8bbf\u95ee\u6240\u6709\u975e\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\uff1b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5e38\u51fd\u6570<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">class Test{\npublic:\n    static unsigned i;\n    static int get_pi(){\n        return pi;\n    }\nprivate:\n    static int pi;\n};\nunsigned Test::i = 20;  \/\/ \u7c7b\u5916\u521d\u59cb\u5316\nint Test::pi = 20;  \n\nint main(){\n    std::cout &lt;&lt; Test::i &lt;&lt; std::endl;  \/\/ \u516c\u6709\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u5c01\u88c5\u6027\n    std::cout &lt;&lt; Test::get_pi() &lt;&lt; std::endl;   \/\/ \u901a\u8fc7\u51fd\u6570\u8bbf\u95ee\u79c1\u6709\u9759\u6001\u53d8\u91cf\u503c\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>\u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/h4>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u53ea\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u58f0\u660e <code>\u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e = 0<\/code> \u6210\u4e3a\u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u79f0\u4e3a\u7eaf\u865a\u7c7b<\/p>\n<p>\u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u65e0\u9700\u5728\u57fa\u7c7b\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u51fd\u6570\u4f53\uff0c\u5168\u5728\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u7eaf\u865a\u7c7b\u4e5f\u88ab\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u9488<\/p>\n<p>\u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u9891\u7387\u8fd8\u662f\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u5728 Java \u91cc\u88ab\u5355\u72ec\u62ce\u4e86\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u53eb\u505a\u63a5\u53e3<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">class Test{\npublic:\n    virtual void action() const = 0;    \/\/ \u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u58f0\u660e(\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u5b9e\u73b0)\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>RTTI \u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7c7b\u578b\u8bc6\u522b<\/h4>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8f93\u51fa\u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u9488\u6216\u5f15\u7528\u76ee\u6807\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u573a\u5408\uff0c\u662f C++ \u5224\u65ad\u5f53\u524d\u7236\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\u6307\u5411\u5b9e\u9645\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5<\/p>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528\u573a\u666f\uff1a\u2460\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\uff1b\u2461IO \u64cd\u4f5c<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><code>typeid(\u5bf9\u8c61)<\/code> \u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a <code>type_info<\/code> \u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u7c7b\u578b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca <code>name()<\/code> \u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578b\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u4f7f\u7528 <code>dynamic_cast&lt;\u5b50\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b&gt;(\u6307\u9488)<\/code> \u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u7236\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5b50\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u4ec5\u5f53\u7236\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\u6307\u5411\u5b50\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\u53ef\u884c\uff0c\u8f6c\u6362\u5931\u8d25\u8fd4\u56de <code>nullptr<\/code><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u51b7\u77e5\u8bc6\uff1aC++11\u5f15\u5165 <code>nullptr<\/code> \u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>C++\u4e2d <code>NULL<\/code> \u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u662f C \u7684\u5386\u53f2\u9057\u7559\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5b8f\u5b9a\u4e49\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f20\u7edf\u7c7b\u578b<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>C \u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u5b8f\u5b9a\u4e49 <code>NULL<\/code> \u4e3a <code>(void *)0<\/code>\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e C \u7684\u7cbe\u9ad3\u662f\u63a5\u8fd1\u786c\u4ef6\uff0c\u6307\u9488\u7ed9\u7684\u9650\u5236\u5c11\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u91cd\u8f7d\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64 <code>NULL<\/code> \u53ef\u4ee5\u6b63\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u6307\u9488\u7684\u7a7a\u6570\u636e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u968f\u7740 C++ \u7684\u6307\u9488\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>C++ \u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u7684 <code>void<\/code> \u5411\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c<code>NULL<\/code> \u503c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f20\u7ed9\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f20\u7ed9\u666e\u901a\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c31\u5e9f\u4e86<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u4e8e\u662f\uff0cC++ \u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u76f4\u63a5\u5b9a\u4e49 <code>NULL=0<\/code> \u8fd9\u4e00\u6743\u5b9c\u4e4b\u8ba1\uff0c\u4f46 C++ \u652f\u6301\u91cd\u8f7d\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u9690\u60a3\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u53c2\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u6b67\u4e49\uff08\u5f53\u53c2\u6570\u4ec5\u7b26\u5408\u6570\u91cf\u4f46\u65e0\u5339\u914d\u7c7b\u578b\u65f6\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u4f1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8f6c\u6362\u7c7b\u578b\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u6b64\u65f6 <code>NULL<\/code> \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6574\u6570<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u6700\u7ec8 C++ \u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86 NULL \u4e3a 0\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86 <code>nullptr<\/code> \u4e13\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u8f6c\u6362\u7684\u7a7a\u6307\u9488<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\uff08\u731c\u731c\u600e\u4e48\u5b9e\u73b0\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\uff1f\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u6a21\u677f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u6218\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7 <code>nullptr<\/code> \u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u653e\u4e00\u6bb5\u540e\u6765\u627e\u5230\u7684\u6a21\u62dfnullptr\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">struct nullptr_t {\n   \/\/ \u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u8f6c\u6362\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06 nullptr_t \u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\n    template<class T>\n    operator T*() const noexcept {\n        return 0;\n    }\n\n    \/\/ \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f85\u52a9\u7684\u6210\u5458\u6a21\u677f\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u89e3\u51b3nullptr_t\u5230\u4efb\u610f\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u95ee\u9898\n    template<class C, class T>\n    operator T C::*() const noexcept {\n        return 0;\n    }\n};<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li><code>nullptr<\/code> \u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u66ff\u4ee3\u5b8f\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u903b\u8f91\u8bf4\u5230\u5e95\u8fd8\u662f\u89e3\u51b3 0 \u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff08\u5076\u5c14\u7528\u6253\u8865\u4e01\u7684\u601d\u8def\u770b\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u96be<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u6ce8\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><code>typeid<\/code> \u652f\u6301\u5bf9\u57fa\u672c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e00\u822c\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u5c31\u88ab\u4f18\u5316\u4e86<\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u6709\u591a\u6001\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5b9e\u65f6\u5224\u65ad\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u4f20\u5165 <code>nullptr<\/code> \u65f6\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0 bad_typeid \u5f02\u5e38<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>typeid().name()<\/code> \u8f93\u51fa\u5f62\u5f0f\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u800c\u5f02\uff0c\u5982 msvc \u8f93\u51fa\u5c31\u662f\u58f0\u660e\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5982 <code>int<\/code> <code>struct A<\/code> <code>class B<\/code><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>dynamic_cast<\/code> \u4ec5\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u7ee7\u627f\u5173\u7cfb\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u975e\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">int main(){\n    Spear* p_spear = new Spear();\n    \/\/ \u8f6c\u6210\u6807\u51c6 string \u6765\u6bd4\u8f83\n    if(std::string(typeid(*p_spear).name()) == &quot;class FireSpear&quot;){    \/\/ \u83b7\u53d6\u7ed3\u679c: class \u7c7b\u540d\n        FireSpear* p_fire_spear = dynamic_cast&lt;FireSpear*&gt;(p_spear);  \/\/ \u5411\u4e0b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u8be5\u7c7b\u578b\u6307\u9488\n        if(p_fire_spear){   \/\/ \u975enullptr\n            \/\/ \u4f7f\u7528\u6307\u9488, \u7565\n        }\n    }\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u57fa\u672c\u64cd\u4f5c\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u540e\u9762\u770b\u770b\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4>\u591a\u7ee7\u627f<\/h4>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u591a\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u7c7b\uff0c\u4e0e\u7ee7\u627f\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5b58\u5934\u90e8\u4f9d\u6b21\u6392\u5217\u5404\u4e2a\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf<\/p>\n<p>\u6267\u884c\u6784\u9020\u4e5f\u662f\u6309\u7ee7\u627f\u987a\u5e8f\u6700\u540e\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u6790\u6784\u4e5f\u662f\u4ece\u81ea\u5df1\u5f00\u59cb\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u9010\u4e2a\u6790\u6784<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">class Base1{\npublic:\n    Base1(int i1_): i1(i1_) {}\n    int i1;\n}\n\nclass Base2{\npublic:\n    Base1(int i2_): i1(i2_) {}\n    int i2;\n}\n\nclass Test: public Base1, public Base2{\npublic:\n    Test(int i1_, int i2_, int t_): Base1(i1_), Base2(i2_), t(t_) {}    \/\/ \u5728\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5217\u8868\u4e2d\u6784\u9020\u4e24\u4e2a\u7236\u7c7b\n    int t;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u591a\u7ee7\u627f\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u7236\u7c7b\u4e2d\u91cd\u590d\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8c\u4e49\u6027<\/li>\n<li>\u56e0\u4e3a\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u7ee7\u627f\u591a\u4e2a\u7c7b\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u8d77\u6765\u8f83\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\uff08\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u591a\u7ee7\u627f\u4e3b\u8981\u5e94\u7528\u5c31\u662f\u63a5\u53e3\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u53cd\u89c2 Java \u53d6\u6d88\u591a\u7ee7\u627f\u800c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u4e0e\u7c7b\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u4e5f\u66f4\u65b9\u4fbf\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>\u865a\u7ee7\u627f<\/h4>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u83f1\u5f62\u591a\u7ee7\u627f\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u76f8\u540c\u53d8\u91cf\u4e8c\u4e49\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e2d\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u6765\u81ea\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ee7\u627f\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6e90\u81ea\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u53d8\u91cf<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u4e0b\u56fe\uff0c<code>Base::i<\/code> \u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u6709\u4e24\u4efd\uff0c\u8bbf\u95ee\u5c31\u4f1a\u6b67\u4e49<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-mermaid\">graph TD\nBase\nBase --> Base1\nBase --> Base2\nBase1 --> Test\nBase2 --> Test<\/code><\/pre>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u6b67\u4e49\uff0c\u7279\u6307 <code>Base1<\/code> <code>Base2<\/code> \u4e2d\u540c\u7ee7\u627f\u4e8e <code>Base<\/code> \u7684\u53d8\u91cf<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u662f\u5404\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u540c\u540d\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6b67\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 <code>t.Base1::i<\/code> \u5f62\u5f0f\u533a\u5206\u6765\u6e90<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u5728\u6e38\u620f\u5f00\u53d1\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u8f83\u591a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u4f53\u7c7b\u53ef\u80fd\u7ee7\u627f\u81ea\u591a\u4e2a\u6807\u7b7e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u540c\u6807\u7b7e\u53ef\u80fd\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7eaf\u865a\u7c7b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u539f\u7406\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f7f\u7528\u865a\u7ee7\u627f\uff0c\u4f1a\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a<strong>\u865a\u7ee7\u627f\u8868<\/strong>\u5b58\u653e\u7236\u7c7b\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u504f\u79fb\u5730\u5740\uff08\uff1f\u5b58\u7591\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u865a\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u7c7b\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u9010\u4e00\u6bd4\u5bf9\u504f\u79fb\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u540c\u6e90\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u5728\u76ee\u6807\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e2d\u53ea\u7ee7\u627f\u4e00\u4efd<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u865a\u7ee7\u627f\u5e94\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u53d8\u91cf\u88ab\u6b67\u4e49\u7ee7\u627f\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5b9a\u4f4d\u6b67\u4e49\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5728\u5b50\u7c7b\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528 <code>virtual<\/code> \u7ee7\u627f\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">class Base0{\npublic:\n    int i = 0;\n};\n\nclass Base1: virtual public Base {\npublic:\n    Base1(const int i) : i(i){}\n    int i = 10;\n};\n\nclass Base2: virtual public Base {\npublic:\n    Base2(const int i) : i(i) {}\n    int i = 20;\n};\n\/\/ \u5148\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6839\u6e90\u7c7b\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\u90fd\u662f\u865a\u7ee7\u627f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u4e3a\u5b50\u7c7b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e0d\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\nclass Common: public Base1, public Base2 {\npublic:\n    Common(const int i): Base1(10), Base2(20), i(i) {};\n    int i = 30;\n};\n\nCommon common(0);\nstd::cout &lt;&lt; common.Base0::i &lt;&lt; std::endl;  \/\/ 0<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>\u79fb\u52a8\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u548c\u79fb\u52a8\u8d4b\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h4>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u79fb\u52a8\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u526a\u5207\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c<\/p>\n<p>\u79fb\u52a8\u8d4b\u503c\u548c\u62f7\u8d1d\u4e0d\u53e6\u5916\u6784\u9020\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u6743\u9650\u8f6c\u4ea4\uff08\u5728 Rust \u4e2d\u4e5f\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u6dcb\u6f13\u5c3d\u81f4\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6ca1\u6709\u4fdd\u7559\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8f6c\u79fb\uff0c\u5c06\u88ab\u590d\u5236\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53f3\u503c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5927\u578b\u7c7b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5de8\u5927\u63d0\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u79fb\u52a8\u7ed9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u540e\uff0c\u539f\u6709\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<pre><code class=\"language-c++\">class Test\n{\npublic:\n    Test() = default;\n\n    Test(const Test&amp; test){\n        if(test.str) {\n            str = new char[strlen(test.str) + 1]();\n            strcpy_s(str, strlen(test.str) + 1, test.str);\n        }else {\n            str = nullptr;\n        }\n    }\n\n    Test(Test&amp;&amp; test) noexcept{\n        if(test.str) {\n            str = test.str;\n            test.str = nullptr;\n        }else {\n            str = nullptr;\n        }\n    }\n\n    Test&amp; operator=(const Test&amp; test){\n        if(this == &amp;test) {\n            return *this;\n        }\n        if(str) {\n            delete[] str;\n            str = nullptr;\n        }\n        if(test.str) {\n            str = new char[strlen(test.str) + 1]();\n            strcpy_s(str, strlen(test.str) + 1, test.str);\n        }else {\n            str = nullptr;\n        }\n        return *this;\n    }\n\n    Test&amp; operator=(Test&amp;&amp; test) noexcept{\n        if(this == &amp;test) {\n            return *this;\n        }\n        if(str) {   \/\/ \u8d4b\u503c\u975e\u6784\u9020\uff0c\u8981\u5148\u6e05\u7406\u73b0\u6709\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\n            delete[] str;\n            str = nullptr;\n        }\n        if(test.str) {\n            str = test.str;\n            test.str = nullptr;\n        }else {\n            str = nullptr;\n        }\n        return *this;\n    }\nprivate:\n    char* str = nullptr;\n};<\/code><\/pre>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u8865\u5145\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p><code>strlen( )<\/code> \u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u957f\u5ea6\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u672b\u5c3e\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8981 + 1<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><code>strcpy_s(Dest, length, Src)<\/code> \u662f <code>strcpy<\/code> \u7684\u5b89\u5168\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u540e\u8005\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u957f\u5ea6\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u590d\u5236\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u5927\u7f13\u51b2\u7a7a\u95f4\u5b58\u653e\u88ab\u590d\u5236\u7684\u5185\u5bb9<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e24\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u90fd\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e <code>namespace std<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u6682\u65f6\u4e0d\u7528\u7684\u6307\u9488\u8981\u8d4b <code>nullptr<\/code> \u9632\u6b62\u60ac\u7a7a\uff0c\u6307\u9488\u8f6c\u79fb\u65f6\u8981\u53ca\u65f6\u91ca\u653e\u65e7\u5185\u5b58\uff08\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9700\u8981\u591a\u5199\u719f\u7ec3\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u4e3a\u8981\u5c06\u76ee\u6807\u6307\u9488\u7f6e null\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53c2\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a const<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h5>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u79fb\u52a8\u6784\u9020 \/ \u9ed8\u8ba4\u79fb\u52a8\u8d4b\u503c<\/h5>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u62f7\u8d1d\u6784\u9020\u548c\u8d4b\u503c\uff0c\u4e14\u975e\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u90fd\u53ef\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u9ed8\u8ba4\u79fb\u52a8\u62f7\u8d1d<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6ce8\uff1a\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u8d4b\u503c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u751f\u6210\u9ed8\u8ba4\u79fb\u52a8\u6784\u9020\uff08\u76f4\u63a5\u9690\u5f0f delete\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h6>\u53ef\u79fb\u52a8<\/h6>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u53ef\u79fb\u52a8\u5373\u652f\u6301\u79fb\u52a8\u8bed\u4e49<\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u7840\u7c7b\u578b\u90fd\u53ef\u79fb\u52a8\uff0c\u6709\u79fb\u52a8\u8bed\u4e49\u7684\u7c7b\u4e5f\u53ef\u79fb\u52a8<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4>\u5173\u4e8e\u79fb\u52a8\u8bed\u4e49\u7684\u8865\u5145<\/h4>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u79fb\u52a8\u8bed\u4e49\u662f C++11 \u7684\u91cd\u8981\u9769\u65b0\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5c06\u53f3\u503c\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0e\u79fb\u52a8\u8bed\u4e49\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>\u79fb\u52a8\u8bed\u4e49\u548c\u6240\u6709\u6743\u662f\u5e72\u561b\u7684<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u5f15\u7528\u77e5\u4e4e\u4e0a\u7684\u8bdd\uff1a<\/strong>\u79fb\u52a8\u8bed\u4e49\u7684\u8bde\u751f\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u65b9\u4fbf<strong>\u533a\u5206<\/strong>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u8f6c\u79fb\u6240\u6709\u6743\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u8fdb\u884c\u590d\u5236<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u5728 C++11 \u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u8f6c\u79fb\u6570\u636e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fd8\u5f88\u539f\u59cb\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u6b65\u5230\u4f4d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6743\u8f6c\u79fb\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u590d\u5236+\u9500\u6bc1\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u65b9\u6cd5<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u6d6a\u8d39\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u8d4b\u503c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6743\u8f6c\u79fb\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8c03\u7528\u590d\u5236\u6784\u9020<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>STL \u5bb9\u5668\u7684\u8f6c\u79fb\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u672c\u4f53\u5916\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u90fd\u8981\u8c03\u7528\u590d\u5236\u6784\u9020<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u663e\u7136\u8fd9\u4e9b\u590d\u5236\u90fd\u662f\u865a\u5047\u7684\u590d\u5236\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u590d\u5236+\u9500\u6bc1\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u5206\u660e\u662f\u6240\u6709\u6743\u7684\u8f6c\u79fb\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5e95\u5c42\u6539\u4e3a\u6307\u9488\u7684\u79fb\u52a8<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u79fb\u52a8\u8bed\u4e49\u7684\u521d\u8877\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4f55\u53f3\u503c\u662f\u201c\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u201d\u5730\u5740\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u503c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u9700\u8981<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u79fb\u52a8\u8bed\u4e49\u771f\u7684\u201c\u7269\u7406\u201d\u79fb\u52a8\u4e86\u5bf9\u8c61\u5417<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u518d\u4f7f\u7528\u88ab\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u5b9e\u73b0\u79fb\u52a8\u6784\u9020\u65f6\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u624b\u52a8\u5c06\u65e7\u5bf9\u8c61\u7f6e null<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u8df5\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6743\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u88ab\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u786e\u5b9e\u4ecd\u7136\u80fd\u7528\uff08\u5f88\u7b26\u5408\u6211\u5bf9 C++ \u7684\u60f3\u8c61\uff09<\/p>\n<p>STL \u5bb9\u5668\u4ee5\u53ca\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\u7b49\u7c7b\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u597d\u4e86\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\u4f1a\u7f6e\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u4ecd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8c03\u7528\u51fd\u6570<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a<strong>\u541b\u5b50\u534f\u8bae<\/strong>\u3002\u5982\u679c\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u7684\u79fb\u52a8\u6784\u9020\u6ca1\u6709\u7f6e 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